クラムシーでの報告原稿(英文) 案

Onézime-Édouard SÉGUIN et Japon
M. Yukihiro KAWAGUCHI, professeur de GAKUSHUIN University

１． préface
I am filled with joy over my visit to Clamecy, the birthplace of Onézime-Édouard SÉGUIN, in commemoration of his 200th birth anniversary.
As representatives of the sole organization in Japan currently specialized in research of Seguin, la Société Japonaise des Recherches sur SÉGUIN (established July 2005, official journal ‘le Bulletin des Recherches sur SÉGUIN’), I am going to present how Dr. SÉGUIN and his achievements are perceived and acknowledged in Japan.
On 20th Jaunary this year, that is to say on the 200th birth anniversary of Dr. SÉGUIN, la Société Japonaise des Recherches sur SÉGUIN published its 8th edition of le Bulletin des Recherches sur SÉGUIN, subtitled ‘special edition on the 200th birth anniversary of Seguin’（2012）. This bulleting includes ? Challenges for research of Seguin during his years in the United States（M. Taku MURAYAMA、TEIKYO-HEISEI University）、?Comparative study on les instruments pédagogiques of MONTESSORI-SÉGUIN (Mme. Yasuko TAKEDA、OSAKA University)、?demonstrative study regarding the earlier half of the life of Onézime-Édouard SÉGUIN (M. Yukihiro KAWAGUCHI、GAKUSHUIN University), among others, demonstrating the latest achievements in les Recherches sur SÉGUIN in Japan.

２．Research for SÉGUIN and development of practice
　The name of Dr. SÉGUIN and his achievements are given unavoidable importance in Japan as well, for those who are involved in the research or practice of special education, especially the education for the mentally challenged. Since the end of the 1800’s, there has been numerous publications related, either directly or indirectly, to SÉGUIN written by researchers and practitioner of the special education. In addition, his work is positioned as the basic education in the field of special education, with his name in the Who’s Who of education. Now, we would like to talk about the characteristics of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN in Japan for over 100 years, in three separate periods.

Period I 　Research of SÉGUIN and establishment of facilities for practical education of the idiots
　The first step of introduction of Dr. SÉGUIN was mention to the Western theories in the education of the idiots along with his name, by a Japanese Christian missionary M. Kanzo UCHIMURA(1861 - 1939), in his papers based on his experience in the state of Pennsylvania, USA, in 1884-1885. Also, Ouson Sakurai (1872-1929) called him ‘the founder of the education for the idiots’ and wrote a brief biography of him.
It was followed by the activities by M. Ryoichi ISHII(1867〜1937), known as ‘the father of education and welfare for the mentally challenged in Japan’, and his wife Mme. Fudeko ISHII(1861〜1944), known as ‘the mother of education and welfare for the mentally challenged in Japan’. Also, the activities based on the welfare and education by le Social Welfare Foundation TAKINOGAWA GAKUEN, established by M. et Mme. ISHI in 1891 and still in operation now, with a strong influence from the theory and practice of SÉGUIN deserve to be mentioned here. We would like to talk briefly about the achievement of M. ISHII.
The research regarding the mentally challenged by M.Ryoichi ISHII can be perceived in its essence in ‘complete works of Ishii Ryoichi’ (4 volumes) compiled in 1940 after his death. M. ISHII highly valued the achievement by Dr. SÉGUIN, whose practice triggered the education for the idiots in European countries. He regarded the work by Dr. SÉGUIN (Traitement moral, hygiène et éducation des idiots et des autres enfants arriérés au retardés dans développement, agités de movements involantaires, débiles, muets non-sourds, begues etc.. Chez J. B. Baillière, Paris, 1846. ) as the sacred book of the education for the idiots. M. ISHII emphasized that the theory of Dr. SÉGUIN requires a systematic explanation and succession to the next generation.
M. Ryoichi ISHII visited Physiological School for Feeble-Minded Children in Pennsylvania during his visit to the United States in 1896, and met with Mme. Elsie Mead SÉGUIN. M. ISHII was given les instruments pédagogiques par SÉGUIN from Mme. SÉGUIN, brought them back to Japan, and applied to the practice in le TAKINOGAWA GAKUEN. This was the first introduction of the Seguin Method in Japan.
We cannot go without mentioning the name and achievement of M. Teijiro KAWATA, who visited the United States a little after M. Ryoichi ISHI (1916〜1918), learned the theory and practice of the education and welfare for the mentally challenged, to establish la théorie du treatement pédagogique, and opened le Social Welfare Foundation FUJIKURA GAKUEN in 1919.
These pioneering research and practice spread the name and achievement of SÉGUIN in Japan, contributing to the development of the education and welfare for the mentally challenged.
Period II　Development of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN〜from 1960’s
The pioneering achievements by M. & Mme. ISHII and others had been filled with peril, while contributing to the legal and political development and expansion of education and welfare for the mentally challenged in Japan. At the same time, it called on the full-scale development of the research on the special education in Japan. SAITAMA University、TOKYO GAKUGEI University、NARA University of Education、TUKUBA University and many other universities started hosting les Recherches sur SÉGUIN by individuals, seminars, and study groups involved in special education studies. This represented itself as a large-scale movement of research and discovery of ideology and practice of welfare for the challenged in Japan during the latter half of pre-modern days and later, and of research and translation of practice of the special education and welfare of the challenged in the Western countries. This movement was brought, as the result of research, to the stage of academic authority in Japan, such as the Japan Society for the Study of Education and The Japanese Association of Special Education. An example of the earlier such activity is the 27th conference of The Japan Society for the Study of Education in October of 1968, where M. Hiroshi SHIMIZU、Dr. Yuji TUMAGARI、M. Katsuhiro MATUYA gave a collaborative presentation ‘le Recherche sur SÉGUIN（1） ’.
During the course, Idiocy: and its treatment by the physiological method. William Wood & Co, New York, 1866. was translated and published in Japanese in 1963. Now, almost all of the work by Dr. SÉGUIN has been published in Japanese. The research on Seguin by Dr. Mabel Elaine TALBOT, from the United States, ÉDOUARD SEGUIN: A Study of AN EDUCATIONAL APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DEFECTIVE CHILDREN, 1963. and the commemorative event for the 100th anniversary of the death of Dr. SÉGUIN held in Clamesy(1980) have accelerated the development of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN in Japan. In 1981, the 17th conference of The Japanese Association of Special Education hosted a symposium：”SÉGUIN −sa idée et pratique” in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the death of Dr. SÉGUIN . I would like to add that late Seikichi Ooi, Katsuhiro Matsuya and others participated from Japan, in the celebration of the 100th anniversary.
These movements are compiled in Séguin−L’Origine de l’éducation et du bien-étre pour les handicaps mentaux〜la recherché, et l’éducation au seine de l’université de Saitama 1972−1981, vols. 4., Tokyo. NIHON TOSHO CENTER. 2004, edited by M. Hiroshi SIMIZU. The fact that there are over 60 co-authors to this publication indicates the passion towards les Recherches sur SÉGUIN in Japan at the time. Japanese Society for Historical Study of Social Welfare has awarded the ‘Article Materials Award’ to editors, authors and the book in 2005. A copy of this book was donated to Clamecy. M. Bernard BARDIN (Maire précédent de Clamecy) has contributed PREFACE to the book.
The period II of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN was propelled by M. Hiroshi SIMIZU, M. Katsuhiro MATSUYA, along with Dr. Yuji TUMAGARI、M. Yoshitatu NAKANO, Dr. Makio NAKAMURA、M. Tsuneo HOSHINO and others. Most of these are, however, adaptation of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN from Western society, and original evaluation of the source materials is scarce. There are misunderstanding of historical facts or misinterpretation of historical materials, becoming established theory. In that sense, it cannot be denied that although les Recherches sur SÉGUIN had become developed in Japan, the achievements were not sufficient.

Period III　A new turn to les Recherches sur SÉGUIN〜into 21st century
　The 21st century has seen a new development of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN in Japan. The very start was the research and establishment of welfare facility by M. Rikio FUJII (HOKKAIDO University of Education). M. FUJII focused on the Physiological Education, especially the process of establishment of its practice and theory, from the viewpoint of psychological studies. He visited France for repeated field works and discovery and analytical research of relevant historical materials(works of Seguin), and published in a conference of the Japanese association of special education and the journal of Hokkaido university of education. His detailed research has clarified the structure and the process of development of Seguin’s theory of education for the idiots, at the same time as providing understanding that the theory can by directly applied to the current education for the idiots. He has given up the career as an associate professor and manages a welfare facility, placing emphasis on the practice of education and welfare of the mentally challenged based on the SÉGUIN method. We call him ‘Seguin in modern Japan’ and respect him.
Another is les Recherches sur SÉGUIN by M. Yukihiro KAWAGUCHI. M. KAWAGUCHI specializes not in the research of special education but in the research of the history of modern primary education. Related to research on France, he has published articles on ‘Freinet education’ and the primary education during la Commune(1871). The thorough field work and search for historical materials, and logical positivism based on evaluation of them characteristic of his work are also employed in les Recherches sur SÉGUIN. His research of SÉGUIN first started the end of July 2003, when he visited Clamecy with M. SHIMIZU and others. He has been following each step of Dr. SÉGUIN’s early life ever since. He visited Clamecy, Dr. SÉGUIN's birthplace, Coulanges-sur-Yonne, place of his ancestors, Auxxere, home of his mother where he spent his boyhood, and Paris, the place of his social activities and development of education for the idiots. He then looked for historical materials in local archives, libraries and second-hand bookshops. He also visited Dr. SÉGUIN’s places of residence, study and work. Les Recherches sur SÉGUIN by M. KAWAGUCHI tries to recapture the process of the establishment of Dr. SÉGUIN’s practice and theory of the education for the idiots from the aspect of his subject building, highly unique among les Recherches sur SÉGUIN. The fruits of les Recherches sur SÉGUIN by M. KAWAGUCHI are compiled in ‘Seguin, the pioneer in the education for the mentally challenged; a quest to socialization from isolation’ (Shin Nihon ShuppanSha, Tokyo, 2010a), ‘Bookmark for the research of Seguin’（2010b）, ‘Journey: Onézime-Édouard SÉGUIN¬- from his birth to departure from France’（2012） and others. M. KAWAGUCHI also tries to translate some of the works of Dr. SÉGUIN’s early days in these books.
The characteristics (fruits) of his works are:
１． In investigation of the history of his mother’s side, he revealed that the house of his maternal grandmother is still present, where Seguin spent his childhood (2010a、2012).
２． He revealed that Seguin took an important part in the revolution of 1830, and was given an award for his services (2010a).
３． He revealed that Seguin was a part of an organization related to the revolution of 1848. A poster was discovered（2010a）.
４． He confirmed the foundation and development of practice for the education for the idiots by Seguin, in the original document stored in the archive in AP/HP (2010a、2010b)
５．He photographed les instruments pédagogiques of BOURNEVILLE-SÉGUIN in Musee d'Histoire de la Medecine（Paris）, providing a visual material to Japan (2010b.)
M.Hiroshi SHIMIZU highly values M.Yukihiro KAWAGUCHI’s achievement in les Recherches sur SÉGUIN as being monumental in Japan.

３．á la fin
　The development of the research of Seguin in Japan has revealed that there has been severe battle to provide the social relief and the rightful position as a coinhabitant,to the mentally challenged, who had been rejected and obstructed, and also original and imaginative work to develop the practical method. In other words, SÉGUIN has contributed greatly to the improvement of education and welfare in Japan. M. KAWAGUCHI has further revealed that SÉGUIN, in his boyhood and adulthood, the period of subject building, has participated in the revolutions in 1830 and 1848, and political, social and artistic activities as the supporter of St. SIMON DOCTRINE, led by a strong doubts towards social inequality and control system. His cultivation into the education for the idiots was the total concentration of these activities, and as a result, it can be learned as an eternal theme as to how to live the juvenile days.

Acknowledgements　We would like to give appreciation to the following works of research on SÉGUIN by MM. Yves PELICIER et Gui THUILLIER, for being the lighthouse to guide the current research of Seguin in Japan.
1. Edouard Séguin(1812-1880) , Economica, Paris. 1980.
2. Edouard Séguin(1812-1880) nouveaux documents, CNDP, Nevers, 1981.
3. Un pionnier de la psychiatrie de l’enfant―Edouard Séguin(1812-1880), Comité d’histoire de la Sécurité sociale, Paris. 1996.　
4．ÉDOUARD SÉGUIN, Traitement moral, hygiène et éducation des idiots(1846), Comité d’histoire de la Sécurité sociale, Paris. 1997.